Konsep Dasar Keliling Bangun Datar

Siswa sekolah SD kelas IV tentu sudah mempelajari keliling bangun datar seperti keliling persegi, persegi panjang, ataupun keliling bangun datar gabungan. Tujuan dari artikel ini adalah untuk mengajarkan konsep keliling melalui pendekatan realistic masalah (Masalah sehari). Oleh karena itu, kita ini akan membahas cara mencari keliling bangun datar tanpa menggunakan rumus tetapi melalui pendekatan seorang pelari yang mengelilingi suatu lapangan.

Garis Bilangan Real dan Interval

Garis bilangan real adalah korespondesi satu-satu antara titik pada garis lurus horisontal dengan bilangan-bilangan pada himpunan bilangan real. Lebih mudahnya, garis bilangan itu seperti penggaris dimana setiap bilangan real ditempatkan pada garis tersebut secara berurutan berdasarkan nilainya. Berikut ini adalah contoh garis bilangan real. Setiap titik pada garis bilangan di atas berkorespondensi dengan suatu bilangan real.

Pada contoh diatas terlihat bahwa kita selalu bisa memetakan (dengan perkiraan) posisi setiap bilangan pada garis. Misalnya bilangan bulat 0, 2, dan 4 menempati tempatnya masing-masingdengan 0 lebih kekiri dibanding 2 dan dua lebih kekiri dibanding 4. Bagaimana dengan bilangan rasional? Missal 4/5 itu bernilai 0,8 mendekati 1 tetapi lebih kekiri. Oleh karena itu, 4/5 beradaditempatkan sebelah kiri dekat dengan posisi angka 1. Bilangan irasional-pun sama yaitu misalnya V2 (akar 2) ditempatkan sebelum 2 karena nilainya sekitar 1,4. Setiap bilangan real memilikisatu posisi pada garis. Untuk menentukan posisi suatu bilangan bisa mengacu pada posisi dari bilangan lain yang nilainya mendekati bilangan tersebut.

Statistika: Pengantar dan Ruang Lingkup

Statistika merupakan salah satu cabang ilmu matematika yang berkaitan dengan pengumpulan, pengolahan, penyajian, dan analisis data baik data kualitatif maupun data kuantitatif. Ilmu statistika hampir digunakan hampir pada setiap bidang ilmu pengetahuan dikarenakan peranannya dalam pengolahan dan analisis data untuk mendeskripsikan maupun untuk menyimpulkan suatu fenomena berdasarkan statistiknya. Statistik merupakan sembarang nilai yang menjelaskan ciri atau karakteristik suatu sampel (Walpole, 1995). Menilik pentingnya statistika, beberapa tahun terakhir sampai ada perbincangan untuk memisahkan statistika dari matematika. Salah satu alasan yang diajukan adalah statistika sedikit berbeda dengan konsep matematika lainnya yang lebih mendasar tentang definisi, teorema, dan axioma. Statistika lebih bergerak pada pengolahan data dan penarikan kesimpulan. Artikel ini tidak akan membahas lebih jauh tentang wacana pemisahan tersebut melainkan lebih kepada ruang lingkup dari statistika. Seperti apa overviewnya? Apa saja yang dipelajari? Dan Bagaimana cara belajar statistika yang mudah?

How to Conduct A research Part 2 - Identifying Problems, Literature Review, Research Aims

In the previous part, we have discussed about the cyclic nature of a research. There are 9 steps in a research that is going hand on hand. All the parts have to be in accordance, in a coherence, each other. Those parts are presented below:

The cycle begins from the top part, identifying problem. This is the first step before conducting a research. A researcher must identify the problem or motivation of why they need to do the research. The word "why" refers to the problem or motivation that researcher encounter.

How to Conduct A Research Part 3 - Choosing Research Approach

The first three steps of the scientific method are the crucial part of a study. Some people spend a lot of time moving forward and backward in these three steps: Identifying problems, literature review, and determining the aims of the research. As it is explained in the previous part, the result will determine the approach of the study that will be used.

You may have heard about experiment research or case study. There are also common approach like action research and survey. In general,  Denscombe (2010) divide the research approach into 8:

    1. Surveys and sampling
    2. Case studies
    3. Experiments
    4. Ethnography
    5. Phenomenology
    6. Grounded theory
    7. Actions research
    8. Mixed method

How to Conduct A Research Part 1

Conducting a research is not a simple process. There are many factors to consider to produce a good research such as research approach, method, sampling and etc. In general, conducting a research is a cyclic process that always goes on. For instance, A research is conducted and built based on the previous research or findings. In the end, the results of the research will be a foundation for the other research/further research. Usually, the aim of the research is to solve problems or explain certain phenomena. However, it is just like people said "the more you study, the more you know that you don't know". The research often reveals another problem or unexplained phenomena. This is what will suggest the other researcher to do further study. The following scheme is shown below.

Problem Solving as a Process (steps) part 2

As a process, according to George Polya (1957), problem solving originally has 4 steps. The 1^st step is understanding the problem. In this step, students have to carefully read the problem, capable to point out the principal parts of the problem, the unknown, the data, and the condition. George Polya subdivided this step into two stages: 1) getting acquainted and 2) working for better understanding. The 2^nd step is devising a plan where students consider some possible actions or strategies such as drawing a graph, finding a pattern, or making a list. Furthermore, the next step is carrying out the plan in which students implement a particular plan to solve the problem, if necessary, create a new plan.

Finally, students reflect and look back at what they have done, what worked, and what didn't. This is also important for students since by looking back at the completed solution, by reconsidering and reexamining the result and the path that led to it, students could consolidate and develop their ability to solve problems. All these 4 processes should be seen as a dynamic, non-linear and flexible approach. By using these steps, students will deal more effectively and successfully with most types of mathematical problems.

The Antiquity of the Egyptian Mathematics

The History of Mathematics: The Antiquity of the Egyptian Mathematics 

The development of Egyptian civilizations began around 7000 BCE. Many buildings such as pyramids, sphinx, and the temple at Memphis are the proofs of the superiority of the Egyptians on 3100 BCE. These buildings also indicate that at least they knew mathematical concepts in practical. In fact, many evidences like hieratic papyrus and Rhind collections of the British museum indeed shows that the Egyptians knew arithmetic and geometry. This mathematical concepts are crafted in the font of hieratic, hieroglyph, or demotic on papyrus loaves, leather, or clay tablet. 

WHY GIRLS ARE LESS INTERESTED IN SCIENCE

In the recent years, there was a phenomena of declining students’ interest on science. In 1979, Whitfield (1980) conducted a research to analyze students’ favorite subjects. The result indicated that chemistry and physics became the two least preferred subject for 14-year old students. Supporting Whitfield’s findings, the analysis result of the data from the Department for Education of England and Welsh showed that the number of students enrolled in advanced levels science and mathematics only in 1993 had decreased 13% compared to their data at 1980 (Osborne et al, 2003). Furthermore, the UK examination Board and HMSO also claimed that the number of students examined in physics in 2000 were decreased almost 15000 students since 1990. All these findings showed that science is becoming less preferred by the students.

The Importance of Using Contexts in Learning Mathematics

In recent years, many mathematicians argued whether mathematics teaching and learning should begin with contexts or not. In 2007 in California, some people claimed that a mathematical approach that focused on number sense using contexts will be a detrimental to children (Sowder, 2007). Some researchers also showed that abstract examples were more advantageous for students (Kaminski, Sloutsky & Heckler, 2008; Kaminski & Sloutsky, 2012). They stated that concrete instantiations prone to distract students’ concentration in doing transfer task. This lead teachers begin to doubt the importance of involving contexts in teaching learning activity. The role of contexts in the classroom is questioned. How important contexts are in learning mathematics, this paper will discuss this questions.